Cracticidae
EOL Text
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records: 8
Specimens with Sequences: 7
Specimens with Barcodes: 7
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 2
Public Records: 3
Public Species: 1
Public BINs: 1
Collection Sites: world map showing specimen collection locations for Cracticidae
The family Cracticidae, Bellmagpies and allies, gathers together 12 species of mostly crow-like birds native to Australasia and nearby areas.
Historically, the cracticines – (currawongs, Australian Magpie and butcherbirds – were seen as a separate family Cracticidae. With their 1985 DNA study, Sibley and Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between the woodswallows and the butcherbirds in 1985, and placed them in a Cracticini clade,[1] now the family Artamidae.[2] The two species of peltops were once placed with the monarch flycatchers but are now placed here.[3] Today, most taxonomists consider them once again to be separate families.
The cracticines have large, straight bills and mostly black, white or grey plumage. All are omnivorous to some degree: the butcherbirds mostly eat meat, Australian Magpies usually forage through short grass looking for worms and other small creatures, currawongs are true omnivores, taking fruit, grain, meat, insects, eggs and nestlings. The female constructs bulky nests from sticks, and both parents help incubate the eggs and raise the young thereafter.[4]
The cracticines, despite their fairly plain, utilitarian appearance, are highly intelligent and have extraordinarily beautiful songs of great subtlety. Particularly noteworthy are the Pied Butcherbird, the Pied Currawong and the Australian Magpie.
Species of Cracticidae [edit]
Three genera are recognised. The Australian Magpie has been classified in its own genus, however a 2013 molecular study has shown it to be the sister taxon to the Black Butcherbird (C. quoyi).[5]
- Subfamily Cracticinae:
- Genus Peltops
- Mountain Peltops, Peltops montanus
- Lowland Peltops, Peltops blainvillii
- Genus Cracticus
- Australian Magpie, Cracticus tibicen
- Black Butcherbird, Cracticus quoyi
- Hooded Butcherbird, Cracticus cassicus
- Tagula Butcherbird, Cracticus louisiadensis
- Pied Butcherbird, Cracticus nigrogularis
- Black-backed Butcherbird, Cracticus mentalis
- Grey Butcherbird, Cracticus torquatus
- Genus Strepera
- Pied Currawong, Strepera graculina
- Black Currawong, Strepera fuliginosa
- Grey Currawong, Strepera versicolor
- Genus Peltops
A fossil right scapula (MNZ S41061) found at the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand and dating from the Early to Middle Miocene (Awamoan to Lillburnian, 19-16 million years ago) represents a member of the Cracticinae.[6]
References [edit]
- ^ Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1985). "The phylogeny and classification of Australo-Papuan passerine birds". Emu 85 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1071/MU9850001. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
- ^ Sibley, CG; JE Ahlquist (1984). "The relationships of the Papuan genus Peltops". Emu 84 (3): 181–183. doi:10.1071/MU9840181.
- ^ Howley, Ian (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
- ^ Kearns, Anna; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013). "A Multilocus Coalescent Analysis of the Speciational History of the Australo-Papuan Butcherbirds and their Allies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66 (3): 941–52. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020.
- ^ Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5(1): 1–39. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957
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