Xenus cinereus Güldenstädt, 1775

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Range:

N Eurasia; winters to s Africa, s Asia, Philippines, n Australia.

  • Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2014. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorCornell Laboratory of Ornithology
SourceNo source database.

Status in Egypt:

Regular passage visitor.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorBibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Cultnat, Bibliotheca Alexandrina - EOL Ar
Sourcehttp://lifedesk.bibalex.org/ba/pages/1170

Distribution:

国外分布于欧洲、非洲、亚洲和大洋洲。邻区见于哈萨克斯坦，俄罗斯，韩国，日
本，印度，尼泊尔，孟加拉国湾，缅甸，马来西亚，印度尼西亚，澳大利亚等。

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/Author王岐山 马鸣 高育仁,2006, EOL China Regional Center
SourceNo source database.

Not Threatened.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorKaterina Tvardikova
Sourcehttp://pngbirds.myspecies.info/content/xenus-cinereus

Distribution:

国内分布于北京(通县，8月24日)、天津(大沽，5月2日)、渤海海
峡，河北(唐山、石臼坨、北戴河、滦南、昌黎，10月7日)、山西(运城、解州)、
内蒙古(达里诺尔)、辽宁(双台子河口、盘锦、辽河口、营口、旅顺、鸭绿江口)、吉
林、黑龙江(大兴安岭)、青海(柴达木盆地及格尔木，4—5月，7—9月)、山东(青
岛、威海、东营、黄河口)、新疆(昆仑山、喀什、英吉沙[5月25]、塔里木河、博斯
腾湖[5月24日]、天山、巴里坤、额尔齐斯河流域[8月23日]、乌伦古湖)、安徽、
江苏(大丰、射阳)、上海(长江口、崇明、长兴岛、九段沙[4月24日]、南汇[5月
4日])、浙江(嘉兴、杭州湾、定海、舟山群岛、宁波、象山、台州、平阳)、福建
(厦门、晋江、福清、福州、长乐、马尾，9月29日)、江西(鄱阳湖)、广西(北部
湾)、广东、海南(琼山)、云南(蒙自，9月)、西藏(江孜，5月9日)、台湾、香港
(米埔)(旅鸟)。

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/Author王岐山 马鸣 高育仁,2006, EOL China Regional Center
SourceNo source database.

Population:

Population

The global population is estimated to number c.160,000-1,200,000 individuals (Wetlands International, 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).

Population Trend

Stable
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/Author© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/22693251

Distribution:

    S Finland; NW Russia and Ukraine E through C Siberia to Anadyrland, mainly in boreal taiga zone, extending N into subarctic tundra and S to steppe fringes. Winters from SW, S & E Africa through Middle East, S Asia and Indonesia to N & W Australia.
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorKaterina Tvardikova
Sourcehttp://pngbirds.myspecies.info/node/603

Threats:

Major Threats

In China and South Korea important migrational staging areas of this species around the coast of the Yellow Sea are being lost through land reclamation, and degraded as a result of declining river flows (from water abstraction), increased pollution, unsustainable harvesting of benthic fauna and a reduction in the amount of sediment being carried into the area by the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers (Barter 2002, Barter 2006). This species is also potentially at risk from exposure to DDT's in southern India (Tanabe et al. 1998).
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/Author© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/22693251

Slightly larger than the Common Sandpiper at 22–25 cm length, 50-126 g, wingspan 57-59 cm.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorKaterina Tvardikova
Sourcehttp://pngbirds.myspecies.info/node/603

Terek sandpiper:

The Terek sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) is a small migratory Palearctic wader species, the only member of the genus Xenus. It is named after the Terek River which flows into the west of the Caspian Sea, as it was first observed around this area.[2]



Description and systematics[edit]


in Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Slightly larger than the common sandpiper at 22–25 cm length, its long upcurved bill – somewhat reminiscent of an avocet's, but not as strongly curved – makes it very distinctive. As the scientific specific name implies, this wader has a grey back, face and breast in all plumages; a white supercilium may appear more or less distinct. The belly is whitish and the feet yellow; the bill has a yellowish base, with the rest being black.

The call is a high whistle.

Among the Scolopacidae, Xenus is part of the shank-tattler-phalarope clade and less closely related to the calidrid sandpipers. Based on the degree of DNA sequence divergence and putative shank and phalarope fossils from around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary some 23-22 million years ago, the Terek sandpiper presumably diverged from their relatives in the Late Oligocene. Given the numerous basal fossils of the group found in Eurasia it is likely that the Terek sandpiper lineage originated there, possibly by being isolated as the remains of the Turgai Sea dried up, which happened just around this time.[3]

Distribution and ecology[edit]

This bird breeds near water in the taiga from Finland through northern Siberia to the Kolyma River, and migrate south in winter to tropical coasts in east Africa, south Asia and Australia, usually preferring muddy areas. It is a rare vagrant in western Europe, and particularly in autumn it is sometimes seen passing through the Marianas on migration; on Palau, further off its usual migration route, it is decidedly uncommon on the other hand. Almost annually and apparently more and more often in recent times, a few birds stray to Alaska and the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands. Every few years, individual vagrants are recorded in the Neotropics, where they arrive either as migrating birds from Africa, or as North American strays accompanying local waders south for winter. Such vagrants have been recorded as far south as Argentina.[4]

It feeds in a distinctive and very active way, chasing insects and other mobile prey, and sometimes then running to the water's edge to wash its catch. It lays three or four eggs in a lined ground scrape.


Terek sandpiper Xenus cinereus and little stint Calidris minuta in Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India.

The Terek sandpiper likes to associate with ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), smallish calidrids, and Charadrius (but maybe not Pluvialis) plovers; a vagrant bird at Paraty (Rio de Janeiro state) was noted to pair up with a spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius).[5] Thus it may be that the Terek sandpiper under natural conditions may mate with common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos), the Old World sister species of spotted sandpiper (A. macularius). As hybridisation in shorebirds is extremely commonplace and Actitis is among the closer relatives of the Terek sandpiper, such pairings (should they indeed occur) may produce hybrid offspring.

This is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Widespread and often quite commonly seen, the Terek sandpiper is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[6]

Gallery[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Xenus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013. 
  2. ^ Carnaby (2009), p. 77.
  3. ^ Mlíkovský (2002), Paton et al. (2003), Thomas et al. (2004)
  4. ^ Wiles et al. (2004), VanderWerf et al. (2006), White et al. (2006)
  5. ^ White et al. (2006)
  6. ^ BLI (2008)

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xenus cinereus.
  • Carnaby, Trevor (2009). Beat About the Bush Birds. Jacana Media. ISBN 978-1-77009-241-9. Retrieved 5 June 2012. 
  • Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
  • Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29(2): 268-278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 PMID 13678682 (HTML abstract)
  • Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 PMID 15329156 PDF fulltext Supplementary Material
  • VanderWerf, Eric A.; Wiles, Gary J.; Marshall, Ann P. & Knecht, Melia (2006): Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit. Micronesica 39(1): 11-29. PDF fulltext
  • White, Richard W.; Lehnhausen, Bud & Kirwan, Guy M. (2006): The first documented record of Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus for Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14(4): 460-462 [English with Portuguese abstract]. PDF fulltext
  • Wiles, Gary J.; Johnson, Nathan C.; de Cruz, Justine B.; Dutson, Guy; Camacho, Vicente A.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Vice, Daniel S.; Garrett, Kimball L.; Kessler, Curt C. & Pratt, H. Douglas (2004): New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003. Micronesica 37(1): 69-96. HTML abstract
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorWikipedia
Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terek_sandpiper&oldid=641873130
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith