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Species
Anas
EOL Text
Anas (Kingfisher, Teal) is prey of:
Rattus
Circus
Asio
Based on studies in:
USA: California (Marine)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- R. F. Johnston, Predation by short-eared owls on a Salicornia salt marsh, Wilson Bull. 68(2):91-102, from p. 99 (1956).
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Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Anas (Kingfisher, Teal) preys on:
Plantae
invertebrates
marine invertebrates
Insecta
Actinopterygii
Based on studies in:
USA: California (Marine)
Malaysia (Swamp)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- T. Mizuno and J. I. Furtado, Food chain. In: Tasek Bera, J. I. Furtado and S. Mori, Eds. (Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, 1982), pp. 357-359, from p. 358.
- R. F. Johnston, Predation by short-eared owls on a Salicornia salt marsh, Wilson Bull. 68(2):91-102, from p. 99 (1956).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records: | 631 | Public Records: | 321 |
Specimens with Sequences: | 445 | Public Species: | 28 |
Specimens with Barcodes: | 444 | Public BINs: | 19 |
Species: | 37 | ||
Species With Barcodes: | 33 | ||
Collection Sites: world map showing specimen collection locations for Anas
The shovelers, formerly known as shovellers, are four species of dabbling ducks with long, broad spatula-shaped beaks:
- Red Shoveler, Anas platalea
- Cape Shoveler, Anas smithii
- Australasian Shoveler, Anas rhynchotis
- Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata
References[edit]
- Clements, James, (2007) The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World, Cornell University Press, Ithaca
This duck article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoveler&oldid=617029694 |
Anas is a genus of dabbling ducks. It includes mallards, wigeons, teals, pintails and shovelers in a number of subgenera. Some authorities prefer to elevate the subgenera to genus rank.[1] Indeed, as the moa-nalos are very close to this clade and may have evolved later than some of these lineages, it is rather the absence of a thorough review than lack of necessity that this genus is rather over-lumped.
Contents |
Systematics
The phylogeny of this genus is one of the most confounded ones of all living birds. Research is hampered by the fact the radiation of the two major groups of Anas – the teals and mallard groups -; took place in a very short time and fairly recently, roughly in the mid-late Pleistocene. Furthermore, hybridization may have long played a major role in Anas evolution, with within-subgenus hybrids regularly and between-subgenus hybrids not infrequently being fully fertile.[1] The relationships between species are much obscured by this fact, and mtDNA sequence data is of dubious value in resolving their relationships;[2] on the other hand, nuclear DNA sequences evolve too slowly to resolve the phylogeny of the subgenus Anas for example.
Some major clades can be discerned. For example, that the traditional subgenus Anas, the mallard group, forms a monophyletic (in the loose sense, i.e. non-holophyletic) group has never been seriously questioned by modern science and is as good as confirmed (but see below). On the other hand, the phylogeny of the teals is very confusing.
For these reasons, the dabbling duck lineages more distantly related to mallard group (which includes the type species of Anas) than the wigeons should arguably be separated in their own genera. These would include the Baikal Teal, the Garganey, the spotted black-capped Punanetta group, and the shovelers and other blue-winged species. Whether the wigeons, which are very distinct in morphology[3] and behavior,[4] but much less so in mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequences,[5] should also be considered a distinct genus Mareca (including the Gadwall and Falcated Duck) is essentially the one remaining point of dispute as regards the question which taxa should remain in this genus and which ones should not.
Species
The following arrangement is based on current morphological,[3] molecular,[5][6] and behavioral[4] characters and presents apparent major evolutionary groupings compared to the subgenera the species were placed in at one time or another.
Probable genus Sibirionetta – Baikal Teal
- Baikal Teal, Anas formosa (formerly in Nettion)
Probable genus Querquedula – Garganey (may include Punanetta)
- Garganey, Anas querquedula
Probable genus Punanetta
- Silver Teal, Anas versicolor
- Puna Teal, Anas puna – formerly included in Anas versicolor
- Hottentot Teal, Anas hottentota
Probable genus Spatula – blue-winged ducks/shovelers and allies (polyphyletic?[citation needed])
- Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors
- Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera
- Borrero's Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera borreroi – possibly extinct (late 20th century?)
- Red Shoveler, Anas platalea
- Cape Shoveler, Anas smithii
- Australasian Shoveler, Anas rhynchotis
- Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata
Possible genus Mareca – wigeons (may include Chaulelasmus and Eunetta)
- Eurasian Wigeon, Anas penelope
- Amsterdam Duck, Anas marecula – tentatively placed here; extinct (c.1800)
- American Wigeon, Anas americana
- Chiloe Wigeon, Anas sibilatrix
Subgenus Chaulelasmus – Gadwall
- Gadwall, Anas strepera
- Coues' Gadwall or Washington Island Gadwall, Anas strepera couesi – extinct (late 19th century)
Subgenus Eunetta – Falcated Duck
- Falcated Duck, Anas falcata
Subgenus Dafila – pintails
- Northern Pintail, Anas acuta
- Eaton's Pintail, Anas eatoni
- Kerguelen Islands Pintail, Anas eatoni eatoni
- Crozet Islands Pintail, Anas eatoni drygalskii
- Yellow-billed Pintail, Anas georgica
- South Georgia Pintail, Anas georgica georgica
- Chilean Pintail, Anas georgica spinicauda
- Niceforo's Pintail, Anas georgica niceforoi – extinct (1950s)
- South Georgia Pintail, Anas georgica georgica
- White-cheeked Pintail, Anas bahamensis (formerly in Poecilonetta)
- Red-billed Teal, Anas erythrorhyncha (formerly in Poecilonetta)
- Cape Teal, Anas capensis (formerly in Nettion)
Subgenus Nettion – teals (paraphyletic)
- Indian Ocean clade (sometimes subgenus Virago)
- Bernier's Teal, Anas bernieri
- Mauritian Duck, Anas theodori – extinct (late 1690s)
- Sunda Teal, Anas gibberifrons
- Rennell Island Teal, Anas gibberifrons remissa – extinct (c.1959)
- Andaman Teal, Anas albogularis – formerly included in Anas gibberifrons
- Grey Teal, Anas gracilis – formerly included in Anas gibberifrons
- Chestnut Teal, Anas castanea
- Atlantic/Red-and-green head clade
- Common Teal, Anas crecca
- Green-winged Teal, Anas carolinensis – formerly included in Anas crecca
- Speckled Teal, Anas flavirostris
- Andean Teal, Anas (flavirostris) andinum
- New Zealand clade (Placement unresolved)
- Auckland Teal, Anas aucklandica
- Brown Teal, Anas chlorotis – formerly included in Anas aucklandica
- Macquarie Islands Teal, Anas cf. chlorotis – prehistoric
- Campbell Teal, Anas nesiotis – formerly included in Anas aucklandica
Subgenus Melananas – African Black Duck
- African Black Duck, Anas sparsa
Subgenus Anas – mallard and relatives (may include Melananas)
- Basal African species ("Afranas")
- Meller's Duck, Anas melleri
- Yellow-billed Duck, Anas undulata
- American clade
- Mottled Duck, Anas fulvigula – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- Florida Duck, Anas fulvigula fulvigula – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- American Black Duck, Anas rubripes – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- Mexican Duck, Anas diazi – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- Mottled Duck, Anas fulvigula – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- Pacific clade – the moa-nalos might be derived from this group.
- Mariana Mallard, Anas (platyrhynchos) oustaleti – sometimes considered a subspecies of Anas superciliosa; extinct (1981)
- Hawaiian Duck, Anas wyvilliana – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- Philippine Duck, Anas luzonica
- Laysan Duck, Anas laysanensis – sometimes included in Anas platyrhynchos
- Lisianski Duck, Anas cf. laysanensis – hypothetical; extinct (c.1845)
- Pacific Black Duck, Anas superciliosa
- Ambiguous
- Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
- Domestic duck, Anas domesticus sometimes Anas platyrhynchos domesticus
- Spotbill, Anas poecilorhyncha
- Chinese Spotbill, Anas (poecilorhyncha) zonorhyncha – sometimes considered a subspecies of Anas superciliosa
Formerly placed in Anas:
- Bronze-winged Duck, Speculanas specularis
- Crested Duck, Lophonetta specularioides
- Salvadori's Teal, Salvadorina waigiuensis
Fossil record
A number of fossil species of Anas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:
- Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China)
- Anas sp. (Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)[7]
- Anas greeni (Ash Hollow Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
- Anas ogallalae (Ogalalla Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
- Anas pullulans (Juntura Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Juntura, Malheur County, Oregon, USA) – Punanetta?
- Anas cheuen (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) – Dafila?
- Anas bunkeri (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade?
- Bermuda Islands Flightless Duck Anas pachyscelus (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
- Anas schneideri (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)
Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the Anas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:
- "Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of "Warnsdorf", Czechia) is apparently an indeterminate heron.
- "Anas" blanchardi, "A." consobrina, "A." natator are now in Mionetta
- "Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), "A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and "A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czechia), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.
- "Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary), "A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany), "A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Aumeister, Germany) and "A." luederitzensis (Kalahari Early Miocene of Lüderitzbucht, Namibia) are apparently Anatidae of unclear affiliations; the first might be a seaduck.
- "Anas" integra and "A." oligocaena are now in Dendrochen
- "Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed in Anserobranta
- "Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and "A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong into the present genus either; they may still turn out to be ancestral dabbling ducks.
Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the moa-nalos. These are in may be derived from a common ancestor of the Pacific Black Duck, the Laysan Duck, and the Mallard, and an unknown amount of other lineages. Phylogenetically, they may even form a clade within the traditional genus Anas.[8] However, as opposed to these species – which are well representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are the most radical departure from the anseriform bauplan known to science. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly phylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.[citation needed]
Footnotes
References
- Bernor, R.L.; Kordos, L. & Rook, L. (eds): Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium. Paleontographica Italiana 89: 3–36. PDF fulltext
- Carboneras, Carles (1992): Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks: 536–629. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
- Johnson, Kevin P. & Sorenson, Michael D. (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. Auk 116(3): 792–805. PDF fulltext
- Johnson, Kevin P. McKinney, Frank; Wilson, Robert & Sorenson, Michael D. (2000): The evolution of postcopulatory displays in dabbling ducks (Anatini): a phylogenetic perspective. Animal Behaviour 59(5): 953–963 PDF fulltext
- Kulikova, Irina V.; Drovetski, S. V.; Gibson, D. D.; Harrigan, R. J.; Rohwer, S.; Sorenson, Michael D.; Winker, K.; Zhuravlev, Yury N. & McCracken, Kevin G. (2005): Phylogeography of the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos): Hybridization, dispersal, and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure. Auk 122(3): 949–965. [English with Russian abstract] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0949:POTMAP]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext Erratum: Auk 122(4): 1309. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0949:POTMAP]2.0.CO;2
- Livezey, B. C. (1991): A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology. Auk 108(3): 471–507. PDF fulltext
- McCracken, Kevin G.; Johnson, William P. & Sheldon, Frederick H. (2001): Molecular population genetics, phylogeography, and conservation biology of the mottled duck (Anas fulvigula). Conservation Genetics 2(2): 87–102. doi:10.1023/A:1011858312115 PDF fulltext
- Sorenson, et al. (1999): Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anas&oldid=445992041 |
鉴别特征 雄鸭通体大都黑色;下背和肩羽黑白相杂;翼镜白色;腹与两胁亦白色。雌鸭嘴的基部有一白色宽环;翼镜亦为白色;腹部灰白色,两胁浅褐色,杂以白色;其余体部大都为褐色,下背和肩羽微有白色斑。
形态 雄性成鸟:头和颈的羽毛犹如天鹅绒般柔软,纯黑色,并大部闪着紫色光泽,头和颈等的两侧却具金属绿色反光;上背、腰、胸和尾的上下覆羽等均为黑色;下背和肩羽白色,满杂以黑色狭窄的波状横斑;翅上覆羽淡黑褐色,并具棕白色的蠢状细斑;外侧四枚初级飞羽黑褐色,内羽片除羽端外褐色较淡;从第5枚起,外羽片转为近白色,羽端仍黑褐色;次级飞羽白色,构成明显的白色翼镜,羽端淡黑褐色;腹部和两胁纯白,下腹混杂有稀疏的暗褐色细斑;尾羽淡黑褐色;翅下覆羽和腋羽均白色。
雌性成鸟:嘴的基部有一白色宽环;头、颈、胸和上背均为褐色,各羽具不显明的白色羽端,构成鱼鳞状斑纹,下胸羽端较宽,而较显著;下背和肩羽褐色,有不规则的白色细斑;翅与雄鸭略同,翼镜亦白色但较小些;腹部灰白色,肛周杂以乌褐色;两胁浅褐色,羽端具明显的白斑。尾下覆羽褐色,腋羽白色。
肛膜亮黄,嘴蓝;跗蹠和趾铅蓝色,爪黑色。
量衡度:
性别 体重 全长 嘴峰 翅 尾 跗蹠
♂♂(10) 976 462.3 44.8 224.5 53.4 35
(890-1100) (460-485) (42-47) (220-230) (50-58) (34-36)
♀♀(8) 600-1020 425-465 40-43 198-219 47-59 32-35
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 龙泽虞,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
分类讨论 本种从前曾有人根据不同的分布区,分为三个或四个亚种:A.m.affinis,A.m.marila, A.m.mariloides, A.m.nearctica (Peters, 1931;苏联动物志,1952)。随后,因A.m.affinis 特征很为明显,公认应立为独立种。A.m.nearctica由于繁殖区与A.m.marilioides见有重叠之处,所以合并为一。这样一来,这一种只分为两个亚种。据德拉科(1959),这两个亚种的区别为:指名亚种(A.m.marila)翅长220—230,嘴峰41—46毫米;北美亚种(A. m.mariloides)翅长215—233,嘴峰43—47毫米。我们认为所划分的两个亚种,其翅长与嘴长的量度都有重叠,差别较小,同时它们繁殖区在西伯利亚北部也是相连续的,没有隔断;所以作为亚种划分,依据不足,故将它们归并为一个单型种。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 龙泽虞,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |
生态 斑背潜鸭不在我国境内繁殖。迁徙时见于内陆水面;冬季集大群在南方海岸、海港和河口,以及池塘和河流等,并常与凤头潜鸭混群越冬。平时在水面或水下穿花似地互相追击,善于潜入水中取食。飞行时翅强有力,速度较快;在陆地上行走却很笨拙和缓慢。
所吃的动物性物质,有贻贝(即淡菜)、小鱼、甲壳类等,而以软体动物为主。植物性食物有水草及苜蓿种子。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | 龙泽虞,1979, EOL China Regional Center |
Source | No source database. |